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Grounding for Public Speaking: How to Stand With Presence

Grounding for Public Speaking: How to Stand With Presence | Karsten Noack

How should you stand during a presentation?

Grounding for Public Speaking: How to Stand With Stability Without Looking Stiff

 

Before you think about gestures, movement, or stage presence, there is a simpler question:

How are you standing?

Some speakers become restless when attention turns toward them.

They shift constantly from one foot to the other.

Rock backward and forward.

Lock their knees.

Cross their legs.

Lean against the lectern.

Or move without realizing why.

Others go in the opposite direction.

They plant themselves rigidly on the floor and barely move at all.

Neither extreme is necessary.

A useful speaking stance combines stability with freedom to move.

That is what I mean by grounding in public speaking.

 

 

 

What Does Grounding Mean in Public Speaking?

 

In this context, grounding has nothing mystical about it.

It simply means establishing a stable physical base from which you can:

  • breathe comfortably
  • speak freely
  • gesture naturally
  • move deliberately
  • remain physically composed when attention or pressure increases

Your feet provide the base.

Your knees remain available rather than locked.

Your upper body does not need unnecessary tension to keep you upright.

From there, you can move when movement serves the communication.

Grounding is not about becoming motionless. It is about having somewhere stable to return to.

 

 

 

Why Your Stance Matters

 

Speaking is a physical activity.

You breathe.

Your voice is produced through coordinated muscular activity.

You gesture.

You turn toward people and visual material.

You respond physically when challenged or surprised.

A stable posture can provide a useful basis for these activities.

Research has found relationships between posture and voice production, although the evidence does not support simplistic rules such as one universally ideal speaking posture.

More recent experimental work also suggests that reducing postural stability can measurably alter some acoustic properties of speech.

The practical conclusion is modest:

Your physical organization can influence how easily you speak. It deserves attention without turning posture into a theory of personality.

 

 

 

There Is No One Perfect Speaking Stance

 

You may have encountered precise instructions such as:

“Feet exactly shoulder-width apart.”

“Never shift your weight.”

“Always keep both feet parallel.”

“Stand symmetrically at all times.”

These rules are unnecessarily rigid.

Bodies differ.

Clothing differs.

Shoes differ.

Stages differ.

Communication situations differ.

A useful stance should allow you to stand comfortably, breathe, speak, and move without repeatedly having to organize your body.

The test is functional rather than geometric.

 

 

 

A Useful Neutral Starting Position

 

As a starting point:

  • place your feet approximately hip-width apart
  • let your weight feel reasonably balanced
  • keep your knees free rather than rigidly locked
  • allow your upper body to lengthen naturally
  • release unnecessary tension in your shoulders and jaw
  • let your arms remain available for natural gestures

Then adjust.

You may prefer one foot slightly forward.

You may naturally carry a little more weight on one side.

You do not need perfect symmetry.

What matters is that you are not constantly fighting your own position.

 

 

 

Feel the Floor

 

Before an important presentation, take a moment to notice the physical contact between your feet and the floor.

You do not need elaborate visualization.

Simply notice:

  • where your weight is
  • whether you are leaning forward or backward
  • whether one leg is carrying nearly all your weight
  • whether your knees are locked
  • whether you can breathe comfortably

This gives your attention something concrete.

Then return your attention to the audience and your message.

Grounding should reduce unnecessary self-monitoring, not become another thing to monitor continuously.

 

 

 

Do Not Push Yourself Into the Floor

 

Trying to look stable can create excessive muscular tension.

You press your feet into the floor.

Tighten your thighs.

Pull your shoulders back.

Brace your abdomen.

Now you may look rigid and make breathing less comfortable.

A stable stance does not require maximum tension.

Think available rather than armored.

 

 

 

Avoid Locking Your Knees

 

Some speakers straighten their legs until their knees become rigid.

This can make the whole body feel less adaptable.

You want enough muscular activity to remain upright without turning your lower body into a fixed structure.

Small, natural adjustments are normal.

You are a living person, not a statue.

 

 

 

What About Weight Distribution?

 

You do not need to measure whether exactly 50 percent of your weight rests on each foot.

The useful question is whether your position gives you options.

Can you:

  • breathe freely?
  • turn toward another part of the room?
  • gesture without losing balance?
  • take a step naturally?
  • remain still for a moment without effort?

If yes, the stance is probably serving you.

 

 

 

Stable Does Not Mean Still

 

This distinction is essential.

A good speaker may:

  • step toward the audience
  • move toward a screen
  • turn toward another section of the room
  • change position during a story
  • sit for part of a conversation

Movement can support communication.

The problem is not movement.

The problem is movement without communicative purpose.

Move because the communication invites movement, not because nervous energy needs somewhere to go.

 

 

 

Watch for Repetitive Movement

 

Common patterns include:

  • rocking from heel to toe
  • swaying from side to side
  • taking the same two steps repeatedly
  • shifting weight every few seconds
  • pacing continuously
  • bouncing slightly through the knees

Speakers are often unaware of these movements.

The audience may notice them quickly.

Repetition can become visually distracting because the movement has no obvious relationship to the message.

Video is very useful here.

 

 

 

Use Stillness Deliberately

 

Stillness can give an important thought more weight.

You move.

Then stop.

Deliver the central sentence.

Pause.

The absence of movement creates contrast.

This is different from remaining frozen throughout the presentation.

Stillness becomes expressive when movement remains available.

 

 

 

Movement Should Have a Destination

 

One practical principle:

If you take a step, arrive somewhere.

Avoid walking while every sentence continuously pulls you around the stage.

Instead:

move,

arrive,

stand,

communicate.

Then move again when there is a reason.

This produces calmer visual communication.

 

 

 

Do Not Choreograph Every Step

 

The opposite mistake is turning movement into choreography.

“At sentence three I move left.”

“At the second argument I step forward.”

“At the conclusion I return to center.”

This can become mechanical.

You may rehearse possibilities.

Then leave enough freedom to respond to the actual room.

Prepare your options more deeply than your choreography.

 

 

 

Your Feet Affect the Rest of Your Body

 

Try this experiment.

Stand with your feet comfortably apart.

Speak several sentences.

Then:

  • cross your ankles tightly
  • lean strongly onto one hip
  • stand with your feet almost touching
  • lock your knees

Speak again.

Notice what changes.

Not what a body-language manual says it should mean.

Notice what happens to:

  • breathing
  • movement
  • gestures
  • voice
  • your sense of physical freedom

This kind of experimentation is more useful than memorizing rules.

 

 

 

Posture Is Not a Personality Test

 

Do not assume:

crossed legs mean insecurity,

a wide stance means confidence,

leaning means weakness,

or stillness means authority.

Body language does not work as a fixed dictionary.

Context matters.

Habits matter.

Physical comfort matters.

Culture matters.

The overall communication matters.

Evaluate posture by what it does to the communication, not by attaching personality labels to individual positions.

 

 

 

Grounding and Voice

 

Your voice does not come from your feet.

Yet the body works as an integrated system.

Postural organization can influence the muscular conditions around breathing and phonation.

A systematic review of research on posture and voice concluded that effective posture can support efficient voice production, while also emphasizing that the evidence connecting specific postural problems and voice disorders is not straightforward.

That nuance matters.

You do not need a supposedly perfect posture to have a good voice.

You need a body that allows the voice to work without unnecessary interference.

 

 

 

Grounding and Breathing

 

Nervous speakers sometimes attempt to “fix” breathing while speaking.

They take unusually large breaths.

Lift the chest.

Hold themselves rigidly upright.

This can create more self-consciousness.

A more useful starting point is often:

stand comfortably,

release unnecessary tension,

allow the breath to continue,

and speak in phrases that actually fit your available breath.

If a sentence repeatedly leaves you breathless, consider whether the sentence is too long.

 

 

 

Grounding and Nervousness

 

A stable physical position can give you something useful to do when attention increases:

notice the floor,

release unnecessary tension,

allow a breath,

then return to the message.

This can be helpful.

Do not turn it into a promise that the right stance will eliminate nervousness.

Public-speaking anxiety is influenced by many factors.

And importantly, feeling nervous does not automatically mean performing poorly.

You can be nervous and still communicate very well.

 

 

 

Confidence Does Not Need to Come First

 

Speakers sometimes wait to feel confident before they allow themselves to speak with presence.

That reverses the problem.

You can begin with behaviors you can influence:

  • stand in a workable position
  • breathe
  • know your opening
  • look at the people you are addressing
  • say the first sentence clearly

The internal experience may settle as you continue.

Or perhaps some nervousness remains.

Either way, the speech can proceed.

 

 

 

Do Not Perform Confidence With Your Body

 

Trying to look dominant often produces unnecessary behavior.

An artificially wide stance.

Forced stillness.

An exaggerated chest position.

Oversized gestures.

A fixed facial expression.

You do not need a “power pose” to communicate professionally.

A stable body is useful because it supports communication, not because it proves status.

 

 

 

Grounding and Gestures

 

A good base allows your hands and arms to remain available.

When the lower body is unstable, gestures can sometimes become compensatory.

When the entire body is rigid, gestures may become restricted or artificial.

Start from a position that leaves your upper body free.

Then let gestures emerge from what you are saying.

You do not need to decide where your hands belong every second.

 

 

 

What Should You Do With Your Hands Before You Begin?

 

This question causes more concern than it deserves.

A simple starting position is enough.

Let your arms rest naturally.

Or allow your hands to meet lightly in front of you if that feels comfortable.

Then begin speaking.

Once communication starts, gestures usually give the hands something to do.

Avoid gripping your own hands tightly as though they might escape.

 

 

 

Grounding at a Lectern

 

A lectern can be useful.

It can also become something speakers hold onto.

If you use one:

  • stand rather than hang from it
  • keep enough space for comfortable breathing
  • avoid gripping the edges continuously
  • allow gestures when appropriate
  • look at the audience rather than allowing the lectern to become a barrier

The lectern supports material and technology.

It does not need to support your body weight.

 

 

 

Grounding With a Handheld Microphone

 

A handheld microphone changes your available gestures.

It does not need to change your stance dramatically.

Practice beforehand:

  • where to hold the microphone
  • how close it needs to be
  • which hand feels more natural
  • how the other hand can gesture

Technical familiarity reduces the temptation to organize your entire body around the microphone.

 

 

 

Grounding With Slides

 

Slides often pull speakers physically toward the screen.

They turn away from the audience.

Walk toward the projection.

Remain there.

Or repeatedly shift between laptop and screen.

Decide where your primary speaking position is.

Move toward visual material when there is a reason.

Then return your attention to the audience.

The slide is supporting material. It does not become the person you are presenting to.

 

 

 

Grounding During Q&A

 

Questions change the physical dynamics.

A difficult question can cause speakers to:

  • step backward
  • lean away
  • freeze
  • begin pacing
  • shift repeatedly

You do not need to suppress every spontaneous movement.

Simply notice whether pressure repeatedly changes your physical behavior in ways that interfere with communication.

When a challenging question arrives:

listen,

allow a moment,

find your stable position,

then answer.

You do not need to respond physically before you respond intellectually.

 

 

 

Grounding in Board Presentations

 

A boardroom is different from a large stage.

You may speak while seated.

You may stand for only part of the presentation.

Physical restraint often works better than theatrical movement.

If standing, use a stable position that allows you to:

  • address the board
  • refer to the material
  • respond to questions
  • move when necessary

Do not imitate keynote-stage behavior in a room where everybody is sitting three meters away.

Presence should fit the environment.

 

 

 

Grounding in Client Pitches

 

A pitch often benefits from energy.

Energy does not require continuous movement.

You can create energy through:

  • clear language
  • voice
  • facial expression
  • relevant gestures
  • interaction
  • pace

A stable base can make deliberate movement more visible because movement is no longer constant.

 

 

 

Grounding on a Large Stage

 

A large stage can tempt speakers to use all available space simply because it is there.

You do not need to walk from one side to the other throughout the presentation.

Think in speaking locations.

Stand somewhere.

Establish contact.

Move when there is a communicative reason.

Arrive again.

The larger the stage, the more deliberate movement often needs to become.

 

 

 

Grounding on Camera

 

Camera framing changes movement.

Small shifts can become more visible.

Repeated rocking can be distracting.

For standing camera presentations:

  • check your complete frame
  • make sure natural gestures remain visible
  • avoid stepping outside the usable area
  • test how much movement the shot tolerates

For seated video communication, grounding changes form.

Use the chair and floor to create a comfortable base rather than collapsing into the backrest or holding yourself rigidly upright.

→ Camera Presence

 

 

 

Can You Be Grounded While Sitting?

 

Yes.

The underlying idea remains the same:

create enough physical stability that the body does not become an unnecessary source of distraction or effort.

When sitting:

  • use a chair height that allows a stable position
  • place your feet comfortably
  • avoid twisting unnecessarily
  • leave room to breathe and gesture
  • use the backrest when appropriate without disappearing into it

Standing is not inherently more professional.

The format should determine the position.

 

 

 

What About Shoes?

 

Footwear affects how you experience the floor.

If an important presentation requires shoes you rarely wear, rehearse in them.

This is particularly relevant with:

  • high heels
  • very stiff shoes
  • unfamiliar formal footwear
  • slippery soles

Your actual presentation is not the ideal moment to discover how your footwear affects balance or movement.

 

 

 

Practice on the Actual Stage When Possible

 

A stage may contain:

  • steps
  • cables
  • monitors
  • confidence screens
  • a lectern
  • furniture
  • different floor levels

If the appearance matters, inspect the environment beforehand when possible.

Walk through:

  • where you will enter
  • where you begin
  • where the screen is
  • where you can move safely
  • where you will finish

Familiarity with the environment leaves more attention for communication.

 

 

 

A 60-Second Grounding Check Before You Speak

 

Immediately before an important presentation:

  1. Notice your feet. Are you standing comfortably?
  2. Release your knees. Avoid unnecessary rigidity.
  3. Release your jaw and shoulders.
  4. Allow one natural breath.
  5. Look at the people you are about to address.
  6. Remember your first thought rather than your entire speech.

Then begin.

Do not continue checking your posture every ten seconds.

Your attention now belongs to the communication.

 

 

 

A Useful Rehearsal Exercise

 

Record one minute of your presentation.

First, watch it with the sound off.

Ask:

  • Do I move continuously?
  • Do I repeatedly shift my weight?
  • Do I appear rigid?
  • Do my movements have a recognizable purpose?
  • What changes when I pause?

Then watch with sound.

Ask:

  • Does movement support the message?
  • Do important statements receive enough physical and vocal space?
  • Does tension affect my voice?

Choose one or two useful adjustments.

Do not attempt to redesign every movement.

 

 

 

Professional Feedback Is Better Than Body-Language Guessing

 

Your own perception while speaking can differ from what is visible from outside.

A movement may feel enormous and appear barely noticeable.

A small habit you hardly register may become obvious on video.

Useful feedback should therefore answer:

  • What already works?
  • What is distracting?
  • What changes under pressure?
  • Which adjustment would make the largest difference?

The goal is not perfect posture. It is greater freedom and clearer communication.

→ Professional Impact Analysis

 

 

 

Grounding Is Only One Part of Presence

 

A stable stance cannot compensate for:

  • an unclear message
  • weak reasoning
  • poor structure
  • irrelevant content
  • lack of preparation

And an excellent message does not require theatrical body language.

Physical presence works together with:

  • clarity
  • voice
  • facial expression
  • gestures
  • attention
  • audience contact
  • the quality of your thinking

Grounding gives the body a useful starting point. The message still has to do the important work.

 

 

 

Five Common Grounding Mistakes

 

1. Trying to Look Powerful

A wide or rigid stance can become a performance of authority rather than useful posture.

 

2. Becoming Motionless

Stability should make movement available, not forbid it.

 

3. Moving Continuously

Movement without purpose can dilute rather than increase presence.

 

4. Monitoring Your Body Throughout the Speech

Once you begin, your attention belongs primarily to the audience and message.

 

5. Expecting Posture to Eliminate Nervousness

Physical organization can help.

It is not a cure for every form of public-speaking anxiety.

 

 

 

The Bottom Line

 

Grounding in public speaking does not require imaginary roots, mysterious energy, or a special power pose.

It requires something much simpler.

A physical base that allows you to:

  • stand comfortably
  • breathe
  • speak
  • gesture
  • move
  • pause
  • respond

without repeatedly fighting your own body.

Find a stable starting position.

Release unnecessary tension.

Use stillness when it helps.

Move when movement serves the communication.

Then stop thinking about your feet.

Ground yourself so that your attention is free to go where it belongs: to your message and the people in front of you.

 

 

 

Preparing an Important Presentation, Pitch, or Speech?

 

When the presentation matters, physical presence is only one part of the preparation.

We can work directly with your actual presentation, including:

  • objective and core message
  • structure and argumentation
  • opening and conclusion
  • voice
  • stance, movement, and gestures
  • facial expression
  • executive presence
  • slides and visual communication
  • questions and difficult moments
  • realistic rehearsal
  • professional feedback

I work primarily with business owners, managing directors, executives, and senior leaders.

In person in Berlin. Online throughout Germany.

→ Presentation & Speech Preparation

→ High-Stakes Communication

→ Professional Impact Analysis

→ Fees & Booking

→ Discuss Your Upcoming Presentation

 

 

 

Research Note

 

Research supports a relationship between posture and aspects of voice production, although the evidence does not justify a single universal “correct” speaking posture.

A systematic review found that effective posture can support efficient voice production, while the relationship between particular postural problems and voice disorders remains more complex.

→ Associations Between Posture, Voice, and Dysphonia: A Systematic Review

A 2026 experimental study also found that deliberately perturbing postural stability changed some acoustic characteristics of speech during face-to-face interaction, although it did not reduce speech fluency.

→ Postural Stability and Acoustic Properties of Speech

Research on public-speaking anxiety also offers an important caution: subjective nervousness and actual speaking performance are not the same thing. Feeling anxious does not automatically mean performing poorly.

→ Public Speaking Anxiety and Speech Performance

 

 

 

About Karsten Noack

 

I work with business owners, managing directors, executives, and senior leaders on important presentations, speeches, pitches, professional impact, executive presence, and communication under pressure.

My background combines engineering, management, business consulting, marketing, psychology, communication, and more than 25 years of coaching and presentation work.

→ About Karsten Noack

Preparing Important Speeches and Presentations

 

 

The Art of Effective Communication

 

Those who do not speak are not heard, and even those who do speak are not always successful. True success in communication requires mastering a few additional, critical steps to ensure your message resonates.

 

 

Make Your Message Shine

 

Do you want your message to be convincing and your personality to shine? I can help you prepare your speeches and presentations to achieve exactly that. Whether you need comprehensive guidance or just a few tweaks, you decide the level of support that fits your needs. At a minimum, I recommend a test run with professional feedback to fine-tune both your delivery and your content. This helps you understand how you and your message are perceived, identify what works well, and determine areas for improvement.

 

 

Why Wait for Feedback?

 

Why wait until after your real performance to receive valuable feedback, when it's too late to adjust? Early preparation is key. As the saying goes: 'Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.' With thorough preparation, you will not only feel more confident but will also be well-equipped to make a lasting impact.

 

 

Tailored Support to Fit Your Goals

 

You can decide where the effort is most worthwhile, based on the expected benefits. I offer support covering all areas of effective communication, including psychology, language, structure, voice, body language, storytelling, rhetorical techniques, and the use of media like PowerPoint. My goal is to help you deliver a well-rounded, impactful presentation.

 

 

Flexible Meeting Options

 

Not in Berlin? No problem. We can meet via telephone or video call. Of course, visiting Berlin can also be an enriching experience, and I am happy to welcome you here.

 

 

Overcome Stage Fright

 

Many people struggle with intense stage fright, which can cause their performance to fall short of its true potential. With my guidance, you can overcome these challenges and deliver your best possible performance. Together, we'll turn anxiety into confidence, ensuring that your message and personality shine through.

Professional Feedback for Important Presentations

 

How Do You Actually Come Across?

 

You know what you want to communicate. The more useful question is: What actually reaches your audience?

For more than 25 years, I have worked with speeches, presentations, pitches, and other important professional communication. My feedback focuses on what matters most in your specific situation — not on a generic checklist.

Depending on your presentation, we may look at:

  • your core message and structure
  • clarity and argumentation
  • opening and conclusion
  • voice and body language
  • executive presence
  • slides and visual communication
  • audience engagement
  • questions and difficult moments

You receive clear, practical feedback on what already works, what may weaken your impact, and which adjustments are most likely to make a meaningful difference.

The goal is not a perfect performance. It is a presentation that reaches the people who need to understand, trust, or act on your message.

 

 

Bring a Real Presentation

 

If an important presentation, pitch, speech, or board appearance is ahead, we can work directly with your actual situation — including rehearsal and detailed feedback.

In person in Berlin. Online throughout Germany.

→ Presentation & Speech Preparation

→ Professional Impact Analysis

→ Discuss Your Upcoming Presentation

Contact Me for More Information

 

If you have specific questions or want to know more about how I can help, just ask me directly. For questions that might interest others, please feel free to post them in the comments section below.

 

 

Looking for Professional Support?

 

If you're interested in coaching, training, or consulting, have organizational questions, or would like to schedule an appointment, the best way to reach me is through this contact form (where you can choose whether to provide your personal data) or by email at mail@karstennoack.com. You can find the privacy policy here.

 

 

Transparency and Frequently Asked Questions

 

Transparency is important to me. To help you get started, I've provided answers to frequently asked questions about myself (profile), the services I offer, fees, and the process of getting to know me. If you like what you see, I'd be delighted to work with you.

I have read and accept the privacy policy.

P.S.

 

How do you stand in front of an audience? Do you use grounding for presence and confidence in speeches and presentations?

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Published: May 11, 2007
Author: Karsten Noack
Revision: November 19th, 2024
German version: https://www.karstennoack.de/was-darf-die-vorbereitung-einer-praesentation-kosten/

Aphantasia: What It Is, Memory, Imagination & Work

Aphantasia: What It Is — and What It Means for Thinking, Memory, and Work

The lack of visual imagination
Fears and anxiety

Aphantasia: What It Is — and What It Means for Thinking, Memory, and Work

Some people can close their eyes and vividly picture a beach, a familiar face, or the room they grew up in. Others know exactly what these things look like without experiencing any mental picture at all.

 

This difference is called aphantasia.

If you have aphantasia, you may understand perfectly well what an apple looks like while being unable to “see” one in your mind.

You may know a person’s face intimately while experiencing no visual image when you think about them.

You may remember a holiday as facts, events, and meaning rather than replaying it visually.

For many people, discovering this difference comes as a surprise.

They had simply assumed that expressions such as “picture this” or “see it in your mind’s eye” were metaphors.

Aphantasia is not the absence of imagination. It is a difference in the experience of mental imagery.

 

 

 

What Is Aphantasia?

 

Aphantasia refers primarily to the absence or marked reduction of conscious visual imagery while awake.

Imagine being asked to picture a red apple.

Some people experience something close to a vivid visual image.

Others experience a faint impression.

A person with visual aphantasia may experience no visual picture at all while still knowing:

  • that the apple is round
  • that it is red
  • what its surface looks like
  • how large it might be
  • where it would be positioned in space

The information is available.

The conscious visual experience is different.

 

 

 

Aphantasia Is Relatively New as a Name

 

Differences in mental imagery have been discussed for well over a century.

Francis Galton described striking differences in people’s visual imagery in the nineteenth century.

The term aphantasia itself was introduced by neurologist Adam Zeman and colleagues in 2015.

Since then, research has expanded rapidly.

A 2025 review by Zeman emphasized an important point:

Aphantasia may not be one single, uniform phenomenon.

People who describe themselves as aphantasic can differ in several ways, including whether imagery in other sensory modalities is also affected and whether involuntary imagery remains available.

Research in this field is still young.

 

 

 

How Common Is Aphantasia?

 

The answer depends partly on how researchers define it.

Studies using broader questionnaire thresholds have produced prevalence estimates around 3 to 4 percent.

A larger international study using stricter criteria estimated core visual aphantasia at approximately 1 percent of the population.

This difference illustrates an important issue:

mental imagery exists on a spectrum.

Some people have virtually no visual imagery.

Others have weak imagery.

Many fall somewhere in the middle.

At the opposite extreme, some people experience exceptionally vivid imagery, sometimes called hyperphantasia.

 

 

 

Is Aphantasia a Disorder?

 

For most people, aphantasia is better understood as a variation in cognitive experience than as a disorder.

Research examining whether aphantasia should be considered a mental disorder concluded that there is no general pathological significance sufficient to classify it that way.

Most people with lifelong aphantasia function well in everyday life.

Some people do experience difficulties or distress, particularly around autobiographical memory or discovering that their internal experience differs substantially from that of others.

The individual experience matters more than the label alone.

 

 

 

 

Aphantasia Does Not Mean a Lack of Imagination

 

This distinction is essential.

Visual imagery is one form of imagination.

Imagination itself is much broader.

You can:

  • invent ideas
  • solve problems
  • design systems
  • understand fictional worlds
  • create stories
  • anticipate possibilities
  • think abstractly
  • make strategic decisions

without consciously seeing pictures in your mind.

People can represent information verbally, spatially, conceptually, emotionally, or through other forms of cognition.

No mental movie is required for original thought.

 

 

 

 

Can People With Aphantasia Be Creative?

 

Absolutely.

Aphantasia does not exclude creativity.

Research has found differences in occupational patterns between people at the extremes of imagery vividness.

In one large survey, people with aphantasia were more frequently represented in scientific and mathematical occupations, while people with exceptionally vivid imagery appeared more often in traditionally creative professions.

This is an association, not a rule.

There are artists, designers, writers, architects, entrepreneurs, scientists, and engineers with aphantasia.

Some creative people use external tools more heavily:

  • sketches
  • photographs
  • models
  • reference material
  • digital visualization
  • prototypes

Others think primarily through concepts, language, structure, or spatial relationships.

Different cognitive routes can lead to creative results.

 

 

 

 

Visual Imagery and Spatial Thinking Are Not the Same

 

This is another important distinction.

You can have weak visual imagery and still have strong spatial abilities.

You may know where objects are in relation to one another without consciously seeing them.

You may understand:

  • distance
  • orientation
  • rotation
  • structure
  • geometry

without experiencing a detailed internal picture.

Research has found that spatial abilities can remain intact in people with aphantasia.

This helps explain why the idea that people with aphantasia are generally unsuited to technical, design, or spatial work is too simplistic.

 

 

 

 

What About Memory?

 

Mental imagery appears to contribute to some forms of memory.

People with aphantasia have reported, on average, less vivid and less phenomenologically rich autobiographical memories.

This means they may remember:

what happened,

where it happened,

who was there,

and what it meant

while experiencing less of the sensation of mentally “replaying” the event.

This does not mean that people with aphantasia have poor memory in general.

Memory includes many different systems.

Factual knowledge, skills, working memory, semantic memory, and autobiographical recollection are not the same thing.

Remembering an event and visually reliving it are different experiences.

 

 

 

 

What About Recognizing Faces?

 

Research has found an increased rate of reported difficulty with face recognition among people with aphantasia.

This does not mean that everyone with aphantasia has difficulty recognizing faces.

Many do not.

Face recognition and mental imagery are related yet distinct processes.

Again, considerable individual variation exists.

 

 

 

 

Can Someone With Aphantasia Dream Visually?

 

Some can.

Some cannot.

Earlier research found that many people who reported little or no voluntary visual imagery still experienced visual dreams.

More recent work suggests that involuntary imagery, including imagery during dreams, can also be reduced for some people with aphantasia.

This is one example of why researchers increasingly view aphantasia as more diverse than a simple on/off condition.

Voluntary visualization and imagery during dreams are related, yet they are not necessarily identical processes.

 

 

 

 

Is Aphantasia Always Visual?

 

Visual imagery has received the most research attention.

Some people who lack visual imagery can still imagine:

  • sounds
  • voices
  • music
  • touch
  • movement
  • smell
  • taste

Others report reduced imagery across several sensory modalities.

Current research increasingly examines these different profiles.

This is another reason to avoid treating every person with aphantasia as having the same internal experience.

 

 

 

 

What Causes Aphantasia?

 

There is no single established explanation.

Many people describe having had aphantasia for as long as they can remember.

Research suggests that lifelong aphantasia may sometimes run in families.

There are also documented cases in which people lose previously available visual imagery after neurological injury or other changes.

The current evidence suggests that several mechanisms may contribute rather than one simple neurological cause.

Research continues.

 

 

 

 

Lifelong and Acquired Aphantasia Are Different Situations

 

If someone has never experienced voluntary visual imagery, discovering aphantasia may simply provide a name for the way they have always thought.

A sudden loss of previously normal visual imagery is different.

Acquired changes can occur in connection with neurological or psychological events and deserve appropriate professional assessment.

A sudden change in cognitive functioning is different from discovering a lifelong cognitive characteristic.

 

 

 

 

Can Aphantasia Be Trained Away?

 

There is currently no established method that reliably turns lifelong aphantasia into typical visual imagery.

People may develop useful strategies for tasks that are commonly taught through visualization.

That is different from demonstrating that aphantasia itself has been eliminated.

For example, instead of deliberately constructing a vivid visual image, someone might work with:

  • words
  • concepts
  • spatial relationships
  • external pictures
  • drawings
  • physical models
  • lists
  • structured questions

The useful goal may be finding a method that fits the person rather than forcing a cognitive style that does not.

 

 

 

 

Visualization Exercises Are Not Universal

 

This has practical implications.

Many coaching, learning, relaxation, creativity, and communication methods casually begin with:

“Close your eyes and picture…”

For someone with aphantasia, that instruction may simply make little sense.

The underlying objective can often be reached another way.

Instead of:

“Picture yourself giving the presentation confidently.”

you might explore:

  • What will you do?
  • What will you say?
  • What will your pace be?
  • What will tell you that you are composed?
  • How will you respond to the first difficult question?

The planning remains useful.

The internal representation is different.

 

 

 

 

Aphantasia at Work

 

Most professional environments are built around an assumption that people think in broadly similar ways.

They do not.

One person may think through mental pictures.

Another through language.

Another through spatial relationships.

Another through abstract concepts.

This matters when people communicate instructions.

“Imagine the finished result” may be intuitive for one colleague and unhelpful for another.

“Show me an example” may immediately solve the problem.

Different internal experiences can produce equally effective external performance.

 

 

 

Learning and Communication

 

People often recommend learning methods as though one technique should work equally well for everyone.

Aphantasia is a useful reminder that this assumption deserves caution.

A person who gains little from visual imagery may benefit more from:

  • written information
  • clear verbal explanation
  • external diagrams
  • examples
  • structured frameworks
  • physical interaction with material

This does not mean everyone with aphantasia shares the same learning preference.

Individual differences remain substantial.

The practical principle is simpler:

Pay attention to what actually helps you understand and remember.

 

 

 

 

Planning Without Mental Pictures

 

Expressions such as “visualize the future” can make good planning sound dependent on visual imagery.

It is not.

You can think about a future situation by asking:

  • What might happen?
  • Which options exist?
  • What would I do first?
  • Which obstacles are likely?
  • What resources would I need?
  • Which outcome would I prefer?
  • What would tell me that things are going well?

These questions support anticipation without requiring a visual mental simulation.

This is particularly relevant in decision-making and professional preparation.

 

 

 

 

Do Not Confuse Different Thinking With Deficient Thinking

 

When people discover aphantasia, they sometimes reinterpret years of experience through the word “deficit.”

That can be misleading.

Every cognitive profile has consequences.

Very vivid imagery can be useful.

It can also make unwanted imagery particularly powerful.

Reduced imagery can affect autobiographical recollection or tasks that rely heavily on visual imagery.

It may also coexist with strengths in abstract, verbal, spatial, or analytical thinking.

Research is still working to understand these differences.

Aphantasia tells us something about how a person represents information internally. It does not tell us how intelligent, creative, successful, empathetic, or capable that person is.

 

 

 

If You Have Just Discovered Aphantasia

 

For many people, the discovery produces a curious experience:

“You mean other people actually see something?”

You may begin reconsidering expressions you have heard throughout your life.

“Picture yourself on a beach.”

“Count sheep.”

“Imagine their face.”

“See your goal clearly.”

You may realize that other people were describing a more literal internal experience than you assumed.

That discovery can be fascinating.

You do not need to conclude that something is wrong.

You have already developed ways of thinking that allowed you to reach this point without conscious visual imagery.

The useful next question is often: How does my mind work best?

 

 

 

What Aphantasia Can Teach Us About Communication

 

Aphantasia illustrates a broader principle that matters far beyond mental imagery:

Other people may experience the world very differently while using the same words.

Two people can both say:

“I can imagine that.”

One experiences an internal picture.

The other understands the concept without seeing anything.

Both statements can be sincere.

This is a useful reminder for leadership, communication, and collaboration.

Do not assume that your internal experience is the universal one.

Ask.

Explain.

Use different representations.

And focus on whether communication actually works.

 

 

 

 

The Bottom Line

 

Aphantasia is the absence or marked reduction of conscious mental imagery, particularly visual imagery.

It is not the same as lacking imagination.

It is generally not considered a mental disorder.

It does not determine creativity, intelligence, professional ability, or success.

It can influence aspects of autobiographical memory and other experiences, while considerable differences exist from person to person.

The science has developed rapidly since the term was introduced in 2015 and many questions remain open.

Perhaps the most interesting lesson is broader than aphantasia itself:

Human minds can reach similar results through remarkably different internal routes.

 

 

 

 

Research and Further Reading

 

A 2025 review by Adam Zeman summarizes the first decade of modern aphantasia research and emphasizes that aphantasia may include several different profiles rather than representing one uniform phenomenon.

→ A Decade of Aphantasia Research — and Still Going!

A large international prevalence study found core visual aphantasia in approximately one percent of participants, while broader definitions used in other studies produce higher estimates.

→ International Estimates of Visual Imagery Abilities

Research by Zeman and colleagues has examined associations between aphantasia, autobiographical memory, face recognition, dreaming, and occupational patterns.

→ Phantasia: The Psychological Significance of Lifelong Visual Imagery Vividness Extremes

Research evaluating aphantasia against criteria for mental disorders found no general basis for classifying it as a mental disorder, while recognizing that a subgroup can experience meaningful distress.

→ No General Pathological Significance of Aphantasia

 

 

 

 

Different Minds, Different Routes to Clarity

 

Professional communication and decision-making work better when methods fit the person rather than forcing everyone into the same cognitive style.

That principle also guides my work with executives, business owners, and senior leaders.

We work with the way you actually think, communicate, and make decisions.

In person in Berlin. Online throughout Germany.

→ Decision-Making

→ Executive Sparring

→ About Karsten Noack

P.S.

 

What are your thoughts on the subject? How about your visual imagination?

Published: May 20, 2020
Author: Karsten Noack
Revision: May 27, 2020
German version: https://www.karstennoack.de/aphantasie/

Get into the ideal mental state with Hypnobalancing™

Get into the ideal mental state with Hypnobalancing™

Discard legacy, recognize and activate strengths, gain insights and clarity, promote condition and charisma.
Hypnobalancing

Hypnobalancing™

 

Hypnobalancing™ helps to work on subconscious topics and to achieve goals. It is a powerful method. With Hypnobalancing™ you can dispose of old burdens, recognize and activate strengths, gain insights and clarity, and promote a constructive mind set and charisma. Find out more here.

Hypnobalancing™

 

Many people know that they are unhappy.
But even more people do not know that they are happy.

Albert Schweitzer

 

There are many descriptions of unpleasant states and especially one in which we can’t access our resources: standing beside ourselves, not being in the middle, not being in balance, being beside ourselves, etc. The desirable state is described as being centered, resting in oneself, …

Hypnobalancing™ promotes this mental state. With Hypnobalancing™, you can release concerns, recognize and activate your strengths, gain insights and clarity, promote a constructive attitude and charisma. That facilitates much in life and lets you enjoy the moment.

 

 

 

 

Why Hypnobalancing™

 

Hypnobalancing™ was developed at the beginning of the millennium as solution-focused psychotherapy. It emerged from flexible-cooperative hypnotherapy and the combination with additional methods. It is inspired by the so-called partial work, the transactional analysis helpful for the consideration of the solution level, by Focusing (Gene Gendlin) and the self-relationship therapy of Stephen Gilligan, the energetic psychology, breath training as well as enriched by elements of NLP.

Today, Hypnobalancing™ is also successfully used in mental training.

 

 

 

Promotion of mental self-organization skills

 

By combining proven methods, Hypnobalancing™ has a harmonizing effect on body and mind, harmonizes them, and makes us more agile. In this state of balance, health is a natural inner state, a state in which challenges can be solved more easily because the perception of one’s resources is enhanced.

The conviction that the human psyche is capable of self-organization processes is characteristic of Hypnobalancing™. The purpose of the sessions is to provide the appropriate space for these self-organization processes. If restrictive convictions are resolved, the previously bound energies are released and are now available for constructive life design.

 

 

 

Perception, thinking, and acting

 

Decisive for positive change is how a person deals with himself inwardly. It is helpful to be able to include physical sensations and not to orientate oneself exclusively on supposedly logical thoughts. If this ability is promoted, it has a very significant influence on perception, thinking, and action.

Hypnobalancing™ makes thinking and acting more productive, creative, supportive, and encouraging. The inner balance achieved is a resource that can be used in many ways, as personal changes are easier in this attitude. The achieved state of inner equilibrium is very helpful in itself because it makes it easier to find solutions, and the design and implementation of these solutions gain momentum.

A Chinese proverb says, “If the roots are deep, you don’t have to fear the wind.”

 

 

 

Applications and forms of the Hypnobalancing™

 

Originally developed for use with anxiety and anxiety disorders, Hypnobalancing™ has proven to be very effective in other areas as well. Various methodological forms of Hypnobalancing™ exist today, such as 6 Phase Hypnobalancing™ and Deep Hypnobalancing™.

 

 

 

 

Deep Hypnobalancing™

 

It is difficult to find happiness in us, and it is quite impossible to find it elsewhere.

Nicolas Chamfort

 

Deep Hypnobalancing™ is a technique of Hypnobalancing™. In this variant, particularly deep trance states are created. These pleasant states are used for solutions on a deep level and to promote personal balance harmoniously.

Deep Hypnobalancing™ uses few targeted suggestions for change when reaching this deep trance state, it primarily uses the state as such. The perceptible inner balance is experienced as very pleasant. The achieved balance opens up resources that can be used many times over because in this state access and reorganization are easier.

Typical topics

 

  • Know your live purpose
    Being stuck in inability to act or disorientation frustrated leads to a dissatisfied life, far from the possibilities.
  • Motivation
    Resolve blockages by uncovering the causes
  • Fears
    Fears for the future, stage fright, speech anxiety, etc.
  • Self-sabotage
  • Mobbing
  • Burnout
  • Self-confidence
  • Creativity
  • Exam situations
  • Change
  • Performance
  • Recognition of one’s own strengths and talents
  • Stress

What happens during Hypnoblancing?

 

What exactly happens during a session depends on the situation. Every person is different.

The Hypnobalancing™ uses goal-oriented traditional and modern hypnosis techniques with light, medium and very deep trance. A variety of methods of flexible-cooperative hypnotherapy, such as Hypnobalancing™, are combined with techniques of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) and other proven methods of mental training. All these techniques have a harmonizing effect on the body and psyche. They accelerate the process of achieving individual goals. In a guided trance, the mind has more possibilities to access personal resources. Restrictive and blocking beliefs from the past are revealed and changed. Positive beliefs are then strengthened.

Your hypno coach

 

What is a hypno coach? This is a very experienced coach with appropriate training in hypnotherapy and experience in mental training. In my case, there are a few more training courses to be added. For some topics of clients, an appropriate admission to the practice of psychotherapy is required. I have obtained this admission.

My profile gives you more information about the background I use to practice effective hypno coaching. Trance and mental training have accompanied me since I was 16 years old and have helped me very well.

Contact Me for More Information

 

If you have specific questions or want to know more about how I can help, just ask me directly. For questions that might interest others, please feel free to post them in the comments section below.

 

 

Looking for Professional Support?

 

If you're interested in coaching, training, or consulting, have organizational questions, or would like to schedule an appointment, the best way to reach me is through this contact form (where you can choose whether to provide your personal data) or by email at mail@karstennoack.com. You can find the privacy policy here.

 

 

Transparency and Frequently Asked Questions

 

Transparency is important to me. To help you get started, I've provided answers to frequently asked questions about myself (profile), the services I offer, fees, and the process of getting to know me. If you like what you see, I'd be delighted to work with you.

I have read and accept the privacy policy.

P.S.

 

Do you have private or occupational blockages and would like to give your life a desirable, happy and successful direction or want to reach a particularly ambitious goal?

Concentration is goal-oriented motivation.

Articles

Grounding for Public Speaking: How to Stand With Presence

How should you stand during a presentation? Learn how grounding, posture, stability, movement, and stillness can support your voice, presence, and communication.

This article is a short excerpt from the more comprehensive course materials my clients receive in a group or individual training or coaching.

Published: March 3, 2007
Author: Karsten Noack
Revision: November 19th, 2024
Translation: ./.
German version: https://www.karstennoack.de/hypnobalancing/
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T: RR
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